english Grmmar

simple Present Tense
1A. Explanation
The simple present tense takes one of two forms depending on the subject.
Subject base form -s form
I, you eat
They, We go
Plural nouns work
He, She, It eats
Singular nouns goes
Non count-nouns works

1B. Examples
Subjects followed by verb in base form: Subjects with verb in –s form
I like rice. She makes toys.
You look nice. He rakes leaves.
They think twice. It takes time.
We throw dice. Mom bakes pies.
Chefs use spice. Water slakes thirst.
The boys ring the doorbell. Jill loves dates.
Children sing on special occasions. Mr. Smith fills crates.
Some people bring gifts to parties. Grandpa washes plates.
Bees sting when they are disturbed. The dog jumps gates.

1C. Exercises
1. Jerry (come/comes) to school on time.
2. Jerry and Linda (come/comes) to school on time.
3. Ms. Jones (teach/teaches) geography.
4. The cat (sleep/sleeps) on the sofa every day.
5. Milk (cost/costs) two dollars a quart.
2A. Explanation
Use the simple present tense to indicate:
1. Routine actions
2. Facts
2B. Examples
Routine actions Facts
John brushes his teeth every morning. Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean.
Carol usually drives to work. Some birds fly south for the winter.
The teacher grades homework on Fridays. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

Note how the present tense is used in the following paragraph.
Mr. Lee is a bus driver. Every day he gets up at 7:00 a.m. and prepares for his day. He showers, eats his breakfast, and puts on his uniform. His wife drives him to the station where he checks in with his supervisor. Then, he gets on Bus #405 and starts the engine. He pulls out of the parking lot and begins his route. At his first stop, he picks up Mrs. Miller, who lives in a red house on the corner of Main Street and Seventh Avenue. She works at the post office and has to be to work by 9:00. At the next stop, the Bartlett twins get on the bus. They attend class at Bayside Elementary. More children get on at the next three stops, and they ride until the bus reaches their school. Mr. Lee enjoys seeing the kids every day and is happy to see them again in the afternoon when he drives them safely back home.
2C. Exercises
1. To practice the present tense, reread the above paragraph, then try to repeat the main ideas in your own words. Be sure to use the -s form of the verb when the subject of a sentence is singular. Have a partner listen to your speech and check for correct usage of verbs.
2. Tell whether the present tense is appropriate in the following sentences.
1. Yesterday I go to Washington D.C.
2. Everyday, Mr. Johnson cleans his room.
3. They usually take the bus to the office.
4. Right now Susan eats her breakfast.
5. Melinda and Harry work in the bank. Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Common Mistakes with the simple present tense
1. Not using the -s form with singular subjects:
Jack likes Chinese food.
Jack like Chinese food. (Correct)
(Incorrect)
2. Using the simple present tense when another tense is required.
Last night I watched television for two hours.
Last night I watch television for two hours. (Correct)
(Incorrect)


Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe nouns. They give more details or information about the nouns they are associated with.
A: Tell me about your boyfriend
B: Well, he is tall, dark, and handsome.
A: Sounds like mine.
Adjectives can be used to answer the questions What kind (of) or Which one?
A: Hi. I'm calling about the car you're selling?
B: It's a great car. (It's) in excellent condition.
A: What kind of seats does it have?
B: They're very comfortable seats, (soft, plush, just like a sofa.)
A: Uh. I think I'll sleep on it.
A: Hand me a book.
B: Which one do you want?
A: The red book. The red one.

Adjectives come before the nouns they modify (not after).
Three happy hippies lived in the Heartquake Hotel.
WRONG: Three hippies happy lived in the Heartquake Hotel.
Adjectives can also be used with linking verbs to describe the subject of a sentence.
When used in this manner, the adjective(s) come after the linking verb.
My mother is tall and slender.
WRONG: My mother tall and slender. (No linking verb.)
Seem, become, appear, and verbs of perceptioncan also be used as linking verbs. Note how they are used with adjectives in the following. Can you identify the linking verbs and the adjectives?
The journey seemed long. (It appeared strenuous and boring.)
You smell nice today. What kind of cologne are you wearing?
A: What do you want to do this weekend? Bowling? Shopping? A movie?
B: Bowling sounds good.
Adjective Order

When several adjectives modify the same noun, there is a particular order they must follow in English. Certain adjectives come before others. (Not all have to be used in the same sentence.)
See the chart below.

Quanti-fier




Some of
All of
Both Article
Posses-sive
Demons-trative

the, a, an
this, that
my, his Number
Sequence




three
second
next Quality
Size




wonderful
clean
large Shape





round
square
flat Color





red
yellow
black Origin





Laos
Italian
French Material





metal
ceramic
wood

Examples:
Some of the hungry gentlemen
The last great civilization
Ten big round metal rings
The beautiful Japanese ceramic vase
Either of the small green apples
My three lovely daughters
An interesting wooden statue
The third red plastic containe
resent Progressive / Continuous
The present progressive tense takes the form be + V ing.
The form of “be” is determined by the subject of the sentence.
He is singing.
She is listening.
They are sleeping.
I am going home.
In English, the present progressive is used to indicate actions happening at the time of speaking, or right now.
Jake is speaking to his mother right now.
Please keep quiet. The baby is sleeping.
The present progressive can also be used to indicate actions occurring over a period of time which includes the present.
I’m taking five classes at the university.
Grace is working at a chemical factory.
What are you doing these days?
The present progressive is sometimes used to indicate ongoing, developing, imminent or future actions.
Ongoing
Don’t bother Mr. Grumpy while he is watching the football game.
Developing
I’m beginning to like this place!
Imminent
A: Honey, where are you?
B: I’m coming. Just let me put on my shoes.
Future (Note the presence of future time words.)
A: Are you going to the concert this weekend?
B: I wish I could, but I’m meeting an important client from Oklahoma.
Some non-action verbs do not occur in the present progressive tense. The simple present is sufficient.
Past Simple
Explanation
1. The simple past tense is expressed with the past form of the verb and nothing else.
My grandfather died last year. (Correct)
My grandfather was died last year. (Incorrect)
My grandfather has died last year. (Incorrect)
2. The simple past tense refers to
a. action which occurred at a specific time in the past
b. completed action
c. past status
Examples
Specific past action Completed action Past status
I ate lunch at noon today.
He drove to work yesterday. She finally mailed the letter.
Jan finished her report on time. John was still single in 1995.
Jane was a movie star.

Note the usage of the past tense in the following story.
Yesterday Mrs. Hubbard had a very rough day. In the morning, she went to the kitchen and looked in the cupboard for some food for her dog, but the cupboard was empty. Her poor dog stared up at her with its hungry eyes, and she knew she had to do something quickly. She hurried to the grocery store to buy some dog food, but unfortunately the store was out of her dog’s favorite brand, so she had to catch a bus downtown. After buying the food, she waited for a half hour in the rain to get a taxi. When she finally got home, her dog was sound asleep on the living room sofa.

Common problems with the past tense
1. Using the present tense when the past tense is required.
Last week, Tonya fix her neighbor’s car. (Incorrect)
Last week, Tonya fixed her neighbor’s car. (Correct)
2. Using “was” with verbs in the past tense.
It was happened one night in September. (Incorrect)
It happened one night in September. (Correct)

Past Progressive / Continuous
Past progressive tense is used to indicate that an action was in progress when another action occurred in the past.
Past progressive (was/were + Ving) refers to the action in progress, and simple past tense refers to the "interrupting" action.
While I was eating dinner, the telephone rang.
The telephone rang while I was eating dinner.
When the telephone rang, I was eating dinner.
I was eating dinner when the telephone rang.
Past continuous can also be used to indicate only one action which occurred in the past:
What was John doing yesterday?
He was working at the factory.
What were they doing yesterday afternoon?
They were playing soccer.
What were you doing last night?
I was studying English.
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Tense can be used in three situations:
1. To indicate something that has happened at an indefinite time in the past.
I have seen that movie already.
She has left for California.
They have not eaten their dinner yet.
2. To indicate something which started in the
past and continues until now.
I have lived in New York for nine years.
We have been here since Friday.
He has played football since he was a child.
3. To indicate something which occurred recently.
I have been sick lately.
She hasn’t slept much recently.
Notes:
When speaking about a specific time, use past tense.
A: I have seen that movie already. (Non-specific time)
B: Oh really? When did you see it?
A: I saw it last week with Bob. (Specific time)
Some words should not be used in situation 2 (above)
I have met John for five years. (INCORRECT)
I have known John for five years. (CORRECT)
I met John five years ago. (CORRECT)
I have met John already. (CORRECT)
Sometimes, but not always, present perfect continuous can be used instead of present perfect.
I have lived there for ten years. (Okay)
I have been living there for ten years. (Okay)
I have exercised a lot recently. (Okay)
I have been exercising a lot recently. (Okay)
I have seen that movie ten times. (Okay)
I have been seeing that movie ten times. (NOT Okay)
this is very good site for people like me who wants to learn english:0 guys keep up the good work,your helping lot os people because of this.
present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect progressive expresses the meaning “until now” and makes the connection between the past and present. Since it is progressive, it usually connotes an idea of continuity. It is often used with prepositional phrases: for + amount of time and since + point in time.
I have been living in Minneapolis since 1999.
I have been living in Minneapolis for three years.
The present perfect progressive tense is made by placing have been (or has been) immediately in front of the –ing form of the main verb.
The present perfect progressive can sometimes be interchanged with the present perfect tense with little or no deviation in meaning.
Esther has worked there for nine years.
Esther has been working there for nine years.
However, in cases where the present perfect tense carries the meaning “before now” (non-specific time in the past), the present perfect progressive cannot be used.
ast Perfect
Past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.*
For example,
When I woke up this morning, my roommate had left already.
After I had eaten my dinner, I went to see a movie.
Before I arrived at the theater, the movie had already begun.
Sometimes, when the meaning is clear from context, the simple past tense can be used.
After I had gone shopping, I stopped at the health spa.
After I went shopping, I stopped at the health spa.
The most common error with the past perfect is using it where it does not belong.
When I was young, I had been a cowboy.
When I was young, I was a cowboy. (Incorrect—no reference to other events)
(Correct)
Yesterday the Johnsons had opened their new business.
Yesterday the Johnsons opened their new business. (Incorrect)
(Correct)

*In some very unusual cases, the past perfect tense can refer to the second past action.
Before I had finished my homework, the telephone rang.
(The telephone interrupted me before I finished my homework.)

ear Sir/Madam

Having heard that there is an excited vacancy for Sales Manager, I am interested to join at your established organization and a copy of my curriculum vitae is enclosed.

I am currently working as a Sales Executive and completely have previous background at Sales Department in one of Asia chain resort. With impeccable standards of hotel and villa experience, have an excellent eye for detail and the ability to bring out the best in your team.

Though it would be my third experience in the hospitality industry, the kind of work in which your consulate is engaged particularly interests me and I would welcome the opportunity to join your excellent company.

I shall be pleased to provide any further information you may need and hope I may be given the opportunity of an interview.



Yours sincerely,


Your Name